The concept of "diabetes"It is common to describe a group of endocrine diseases that develop through an absolute or relative hormone deficiency in the bodyinsulin.In view of this state, the patient manifests itselfHyperglycemia- A significant increase in glucose quantities in human blood.Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a chronic course.In the development of the disease, there is a violation of the metabolism: it is injuredFatPresentproteinPresentcarbohydratePresentmineralAndWater sectionExchange.According to the WHO statistics, around 150 million people are sick in the world of diabetes.Incidentally, not only one person, but also animals, for example cats, are sick with diabetes.
The meaning of the word "diabetes" from the Greek language is "process".Therefore, the concept of "diabetes mellitus" means "lose sugar".In this case, the main sign of the disease is displayed - the excretion of sugar in the urine.So far there have been many studies on the causes of this disease.However, the causes of the manifestation of the disease and its complications are not yet determined.
Types of diabetes
Diabetes mellitus sometimes occurs in humans as one of the manifestations of the underlying disease.In this case we talk about itSymptomatic diabetesWhat can occur against the background of the defeatthyroidorpancreas GlandPresentAdrenalatePresentThe pituitary gland.In addition, this form of diabetes develops as the consequences of treatment with some drugs.And if the underlying disease is treated successfully, diabetes are healed.
Diabetes mellitus is usually divided into two forms: thisType -1 diabetesThat means,Insulin -dependentand alsoType -2 -Diabetesthat isInsulin -dependent.
Type -1 -Diabetes Mellitus most often manifests itself in young people: Most of these patients are usually not thirty years old.About 10-15% of the total number of patients with diabetes suffer in this form of the disease.Diabetes mellitus in children mainly manifests itself in this form.
The first type diabetes is a result of the damage to the beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin.Very often this type of diabetes is ill after viral symptoms -mumpsPresentViral hepatitisPresentRullan.Often diabetes of the first type occurs asAutoimmune diseaseBDue to the defect in the body's immune system.As a rule, unhealthy thinness manifests itself in a person who is sick with the first type of diabetes.In the blood, the sugar level increases significantly.Patients with the first type of diabetes depend on the constant insulin injections that become crucial.
In diabetics as a whole, patients with type -2 -diabetes have ruled.At the same time, about 15% of patients with this form of the disease have a normal weight, and everyone else suffers from overweight.
Type -2 -Diabetes develops due to a fundamentally different cause.In this case, the ability to accept its specific signal loses the ability to accept its specific signal in Beta cells.In this case, no insulin injections are required for survival, but sometimes they are prescribed to control the patient's blood sugar.
The causes of diabetes
One of the forms of type 1 diabetes"Insulin -dependent"The main reason for this form can be, for example, complications after viral infections.fluPresentHerpesand alsoCholelithiasis.Factors that contribute to an illness of type 2 diabetes"Insulin -dependent"are genetic predispositions and diseases of the endocrine system and obesity.
The main reason for the manifestation of diabetes is affectedCarbohydrate metabolismthat manifests itself due to the impossibility of the pancreas to generate the right amount of insulin hormone or to produce insulin the necessary quality.There are many assumptions regarding the causes of such a state.It is certainly known that diabetes is a non -structure.There is a theory that the cause of the disease is genetic defects.It has been proven that a higher risk of the disease occurs in people whose close relatives were sick with diabetes.The probability of the disease in people whose diabetes was diagnosed with both parents is particularly high.
Experts define another significant factor that directly influences the possibility of diabetesobesity.In this case, a person is accessible to adapt their own weight.Therefore, you should treat this problem with all seriousness.
Another provocative factor is a number of diseases, the result of which is the defeatBeta cells.First we talk about itPancreatitisPresentDiseases of other glands of internal secretionPresentPancreatic cancer.
Virus infections can serve as a trigger mechanism for the beginning of diabetes.Virus infections “start” diabetes from a far every way.However, people who have an inherited character against diabetes and other arrangement factors have a much higher risk of becoming sick due to infections.
In addition, doctors determine as a predisposing factor for the factor.stressAnd emotional rag.Older people should remember the possibility of sick diabetes: the older one person becomes, the more likely the disease is.
At the same time, the assumption of many about the fact that with diabetes it is those who love to constantly eat a lot of sugar and sweet products from the perspective of high probability of obesity in such people.
In rarer cases, diabetes mellitus occurs in children and adults as a result of certain hormonal disorders in the body and damage to the pancreas due to alcohol abuse or intake of some drugs.
Another assumption shows the viral nature of diabetes.Therefore, type -1 diabetes can manifest themselves and produce insulin due to virus damage on the beta cells of the pancreas.In response, the immune system generatesantibodyThat meansIsland.
To date, however, there are many dark points in the question of determining the causes of diabetes.
Symptoms of diabetes
The symptoms of diabetes mellitus initially show in an excessive production of urine.One person not only begins to urinate often, but also a lot (called a phenomenonPolyuria).In view of such a phenomenon, the patient has a veryStrong thirst.Noticeable together with the urineglucoseOne person loses calories.Therefore, a sign of diabetes mellitus due to the constant feeling of hunger is too strong appetite.
Other unpleasant phenomena appear as symptoms of diabetes: severe fatigue,Constant sleepinessThe presence of itching in the perineum.The patient can freeze the limbs and the visual acuity gradually decreases.
The disease continues and the following signs of diabetes manifest.The patient notices that his wounds heal much worse, gradually the life of the body is inhibited as a whole.
It is important to take into account that the main signs of diabetes to which every person should pay attention to is the loss of vitality, a constant feeling of thirst and quick excretion from the body with the urine of the used liquid.
First of all, however, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus cannot occur at all, and the disease can only be determined by laboratory tests.If the disease does not occur and a slightly increased sugar content is determined in the blood and its presence in the urine is diagnosed in one personPredicative state.It is characteristic of a very large number of people, and after ten to fifteen years they have developed type -2 diabetes.In this case, insulin does not perform a gap functionCarbohydrates.As a result, too little glucose occurs in the bloodstream, which is an energy source.
Diagnosis of diabetes
Diabetes mellitus gradually manifests itself in one person, so doctors differentiate three periods of their development.In people who are susceptible to diseases due to the presence of some risk factors, the so -called time manifests itselfPrediabet.If glucose has already been absorbed with disorders, but the signs of the disease have not yet occurred, the patient is diagnosed with the periodHidden diabetes.The third period is directly the development of the disease.
Laboratory tests are of particular importance for the diagnosis of diabetes in children and adults.When examining urine it is foundacetoneAndSugar.The fastest method for creating a diagnosis is a blood test in which the glucose content is determined.In addition, this is the most reliable diagnostic method.
A higher research accuracy guarantees the oral tolerance of glucose tolerance.Initially, it is necessary to determine which glucose mirror in the patient's blood is on an empty stomach.After that, a person should drink a glass of water in which 75 grams of glucose forward.A second measurement is carried out after two hours.If the result of the glucose content of 3.3 to 7.0 mmol/l was, the glucose tolerance is disturbed with a result of more than 11.1 mmol/l, in the patient it diagnosed with diabetes.
In addition, a blood test is carried out during the diagnosis of diabetesGlycogenydTo determine the average blood sugar level over a long period of time (approx. 3 months).This method is also used to determine how effective the treatment of diabetes has been in the past three months.
Treatment of diabetes
The doctors prescribe comprehensive treatment of diabetes to support the normal content of glucose in the blood.In this case it is important that it is not taken into accountHyperglycemiathat is, an increase in sugar level or notHypoglycemiaThat means being his fall.
During the entire day, the glucose content should be around the same level.Such support enables us to prevent the manifestation of diabetes complications that are life -threatening.It is therefore very important that the person himself carefully controls his own condition and is as disciplined as possible for the therapy for the disease.Glucometer- This is a specially designed device that makes it possible to measure the glucose level in the blood independently.For analysis, you should take a blood waste from a finger and apply to a test strip.
It is important that the treatment of diabetes in children and adults begins immediately after a corresponding diagnosis.The doctor defines methods for the treatment of diabetes mellitus because the patient takes place the type of diabetes.
For the treatment of type -1 diabetes, it is important to provide lifelong hormone replacement therapy.On this day, a patient who has the first type of diabetes should diagnose insulin injections.In this case there are no other treatment options.Before the role of insulin was determined in 1921, diabetes did not give in to treatment.
There is a special classification of insulin, which is based on where the medication comes from and how high is the duration of his action.DifferentiateoptimisticPresentporkAndhumanInsulin.Due to the detection of a number of side effects, Bullsulin is used less frequently today.The closest to humans closest to humans.The difference is in oneamino acid.The duration of the effects of insulins can beShortPresentAveragePresentLong.
As a rule, the patient produces insulin in about 20 to 30 minutes before eating.It is subcutaneously inserted into the thighs, the shoulder or the stomach, while the injection site changed at every injection.
When insulin penetrates the blood, it stimulates the transition from glucose from blood to tissue.If there was an overdose, she is with hypoglycaemia.The symptoms of this disease are as follows: the patient has a tremor, an increased separation of sweat, accelerates a heartbeat, one person has a strong weakness.In this state, a person should increase the glucose level quickly and use several tablespoons of sugar or a glass of sweet water.
An insulin management scheme should only be selected by a specialist taking into account all properties of the body and the image of his life.The daily insulin doses are selected in such a way that it corresponds to the physiological standard.Two -thirds of the hormond doses are accepted in the morning and in the afternoon, a third in the afternoon and at night.There are different systems for the introduction of injections, whereby the feasibility of the use is determined by the doctor.Insulin dose correction is possible depending on a number of factors (diet, physical stress, characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism).An important role in determining the optimal absorption of insulin is the independent measurement of glucose levels and the storage of records of self -observation.
In this case, the corresponding diet in diabetes is very necessary.It is important that the patient takes food according to a special program: three main meals and three additional.The power supply for diabetes takes into account the fact that the blood sugar content is increased the most by carbohydrates.However, a serious restriction of your use is not required.Subject to normal human body weight, it is important to take into account the number of carbohydrates in order to select the correct insulin dose.
If a person has a second diabetes diabetes, you cannot take any medication at all at the beginning of the disease.In this case, a diet for diabetes is important, which provides for minimizing the use of simple carbohydrates and a competent approach to physical exertion.If diabetes progresses, drug therapy is required.The doctor describes treatment with sugar -free medication.He chooses suitable drugs from derivativesSulfonelmochevinaPresentPrandiale Glikemia supervisory authorities.They contribute to increasing sensitivity to fabric insulinBiguanides(Medicines also lower the absorption of glucose in the intestine) andThiazolidindo.In the absence of the effect of treatment with the specified medicines, patients are prescribed by insulin therapy.
Diabetes also practiced referendum recipes that encourage the blood sugar.For this purpose, decocements of herbs are used with such properties.This is a leaf leaf, linseed, blade wing, laurel leaf, juniper and rosehip fruits, burdock root, diocese nettle leaves, etc. The decoctions of herbs are taken several times a day before eating.
Power supply for diabetes
For patientsSugarType -1 diabetesThe main treatment of diabetes is insulin injections, and nutrition serves as a significant addition to drug treatment, while for patientsType -2 -Diabetes- A dietary diet based on a diet is the main treatment method.Since the normal function of the development of diabetes is affectedpancreas, leads to a decrease in insulin production, which is involved in the assimilation of sugar through the body, and the right nutrition and nutrition are of great importance.The diet for diabetes is used to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and prevent fat metabolism.
What should be eating:
- Frequent and normal meals (preferably4-5 timesPer day, about the same time), it is advisable to even distribute the use of carbohydrates according to meals.
- The food should be richMacro-AndMicro elements(Zinc, calcium, phosphorus, potassium) and alsoVitamins(Vitamins of Group B, A, P, Ascorbic acid, retinol, riboflavin, thiamin);
- Food should be varied;
- SugarIt is worth replacingSorbit, xilitis, fructose, aspartamorSugarThe food and drinks that are added to suitable food;
- You can use beforehand1.5 litersLiquids per day;
- It should be difficult to digest to digest carbohydrates (vegetables, fruit, bread from coarse flour), products with fiber (raw vegetables, beans, peas, oats) and to limit the use of products that are rich in cholesterol, liver, kidneys;
- The nutrition only has to be observed in order not to provoke the development or worsening of the disease.
The diet for diabetes does not prohibit sugar, and in some cases it recommends the following products in nutrition:
- Black or specialDiabetic bread(200-300 gr. Per day);
- Vegetable soups, cabbage soup, okloshki, beetroot;
- Soups that are prepared for meat broth can be consumed twice a week.
- Low-fat meat (beef, veal, rabbits), poultry (turkey, chicken), fish (pike perch, cod, pike) (approximately 100-150 g per day) in cooked, baked or poured shape;
- Useful dishes with grain (buckwheat, oatmeal, millet) and pasta, legumes can be consumed every other day;
- Potatoes, carrots and beets - no more than 200 g.per day;
- The rest of the vegetable - cabbage, including colored, cucumbers, spinach, tomatoes, eggplants and greens, can be consumed without restrictions.
- Eggs cannot be more than 2 pieces;
- 200-300 gr. On the day of apples, oranges, lemons, it is possible in the form of juices with cellulose;
- Dairy products (kefir, yogurt) -1-2 cups a day and cheese, milk and acidic cream with permission from the doctor;
- It is recommended to consume 150 to 200 g every day.every day in any form;
- Up to 40 g from fats a day.Warm butter and vegetable oil.
From the drinks, it can drink black, green tea, weak coffee, juices, compotes from the berries of acidic varieties to add xilitis or sorbita, rosehip duct and mineral water.
It is important for people with diabetes.Slightly digestible carbohydrates.These products include sugar, honey, jam, sweets, sweets, chocolate.The use of cakes, muffins, fruits - bananas, raisins, grapes is strictly limited.In addition, it is worth minimizing useFat feedEspecially fat, vegetables and butter, fat meat, sausage, mayonnaise.In addition, it is better to exclude fried, sharp, spicy and smoked dishes, sharp snacks, salted and pickled vegetables, cream, alcohol from the diet.Salt salt a day cannot be used up more than 12 g.
Diet for diabetes
The diet in diabetes must be observed without failure.In this case, characteristics of nutrition in diabetes imply the normalization of the carbohydrate metabolism in the human body and at the same time make it possible to function the pancreas.The diet excludes easily digestible carbohydrates, limits the useFat.People with diabetes have to consume a lot of vegetables and at the same time limit the cholesterol -containing food and salt.Food should bake and cook.
A patient with diabetes is recommended to eat a lot of cabbage, tomatoes, zucchini, herbs, cucumbers, beets.Instead of sugar, patients with diabetes xylitol, sorbita, fructose can eat.At the same time, it is necessary to limit the amount of potatoes, bread, grain, carrots, fats, honey.
It is forbidden to eat confectionery, chocolate, sweets, jams, bananas, spicy, smoked, ram and pork fat, mustard, alcohol, grapes, raisins.
You always have to take food at the same time, the food intake cannot be passed on.Food should contain a lot of fiber.This should regularly include legumes, rice, oats and buckwheat in nutrition.Every day, a patient with diabetes should drink many liquids.
Diet No. 9
Dietologists developed a special diet that was recommended as the main nutrition for diabetes.A feature of nutrition no. 9 is that it can be adapted to the individual taste of the patient and add or exclude some dishes as you wish.Diet in diabetes creates the conditions for the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism, contributes to maintaining the patient's performance and is developed, taking into account the severity of the disease, the associated diseases, weight and energy costs.There is also diet no. 9a that is used as the basis for compilation of the nutritionmild form of diabetes.As well as in forms with simultaneous obesity of different degrees in patients who do not receive insulin and No. 9b with an increased standard of protein consumption, for patients with a severe form of diabetes who receive insulin treatment of diabetes and have additional physical activity.Severe shapeOften complicated by diseases of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Diet No. 9Includes such a diet:
- The first breakfast(To work, 7 a.m.): buckwheat porridge, meat paste or low -fat cottage cheese;Tea on Xlet, bread with butter.
- Lunch(at lunchtime, 12 hours of the day): Cottage cheese, 1 cup of kefir.
- Dinner(After work, 17 hours or: wiping cabbage soup, cooked meat with steamed carrots, tea on Xylita.
- Dinner(8 p.m.): cooked fish with cabbage or potato pencils, rose hip recoking.
- A glass of kefir or yogurt before going to bed.
Prevention of diabetes
The prevention of diabetes ensures the maintenance of the healthy lifestyle.You shouldn't allow additional pounds, keep doing sports and doing sports.Every person should reduce the use of fat and sweets.If a person is already forty years old or gave cases of diabetes in their family, the prevention of diabetes sugar ensures a regular blood sugar test.
You have to try to consume a lot of fruit and vegetables every day.In nutrition, more products with a high content of complex carbohydrates are recorded.It is also important to monitor how much salt and sugar get into the daily diet - in this case abuse is not permitted.There should be many vitamin -containing products in nutrition.
In addition, it is important for the prevention of diabetes to be constantly in a state of spiritual balance in order to avoid stressful situations.In addition, a violation of the carbohydrate metabolism is manifested as a result of increased pressure. It is therefore very important to prevent this condition in advance.
Complications of diabetes
The complications of diabetes that manifest when the treatment of diabetes is not carried out is a special danger to human health and life, or it is carried out incorrectly.Due to such complications, a fatal result often occurs.It is common to distinguish between acute complications from diabetes that develop quickly in the patient, as well as late complications that occur a few years later.
Acute complications of diabetes manifest themselvescoma: In this state, the patient loses awareness that he has violated the functions of a number of organs - liver, kidneys, heart and nervous system.The reasons for the development of the coma are a strong changeacidBlood, a violation of the ratio of salts and water in the body, the manifestation of lactic acid in large quantities, a sharp blood waste of the blood of the glucose mirror.
The small vessels of the kidneys and eyes often appear as late complications of diabetes.If a large vessel is affected, the event can occurstrokePresentMyocardial infarctionPresentGear legs.The human nervous system also suffers.